In this piece, I will examine the legality of and intent induced the State of Emergency (SoE) declared on Feb. 16, 2018, in Ethiopia. Throughout, I will utilise legal and public choice analytical models. To do so, I will start by giving an overview of SoE as a general practice and under the 1995 FDRE constitution. I will then employ functional analysis to highlight the functions of SoE – mainly reassurance and existential rationales. Tied to the functional review, I will discuss the possibility of abuse of function and alternatives to control an abuse through ex-ante and ex-post monitoring mechanisms.

ለመስፋፋትና፡ ለመመቻቸት፤

ተድላና፡ ደስታ፡ ምቾት፡ ለማግኘት፤

እንረዳው በጣም፡ መነሻ እርካባችን፤

ሠራተኞች ናቸው፡ መቆናጠጫችን፡፡

ከበደ ሚካኤል (ዶ/ር) ታሪክና ምሳሌ፡ 1999 ዓ.ም ‘የሠራተኞች ዋጋ’ ገጽ 54-56

መግቢያ

ሠራተኞች በሥራ ወቅት በደህንነት ጉድለት ምክንያት የተለያዩ አደጋዎች እና ጉዳቶች ሲያጋጥሟቸው ይሰተዋላል፡፡ ይህንንም ችግር ለመቀነስ የተለያዩ የሕግ፣ የህብረተሰብ ጤና እና ማህበራዊ ግንዝቤ ሥራዎች ሲሞከሩ ይታያል፡፡ በተለይም እኤአ ከ1919 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ የዓለምአቀፉ የሥራ ድርጅት (International Labour Organization/ILO) መቋቋምን ተከትሎ በርካታ ከሠራተኛ የሥራ ደህንነት ጋር የተያያዙ መርሆዎች እያደገ መምጣቱ አይዘነጋም፡፡

The problem of climate change has attracted international attention mainly because of its cross-border effects and the impossibility of solving the problem by a few nations. We know that the global climate is currently changing. Climate change is a long-term shift in the weather statistics (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal’s (expected average values for temperature and precipitation) for a given place and time of year, from one decade to the next. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has set a target to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions so that the global mean average temperature does not increase by more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Vulnerable areas such as parts of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific and Caribbean small island states are already facing the impacts of climate change, and so adaptation and mitigation measures are important.

Getting to Yes: Negotiation agreement without giving in by Roger Fisher and William Ury page 200+xiii, price 11.00 $ , publisher Penguin book publisher [1]

Either to earn or to learn if anyone is interested in negotiation a small but coherent book getting to yes should be a start-up book to read. As Newsweek perfectly stated it is a lucid brief for win-win negotiation which if it takes hold, may help convert the age of ‘Me to the Era of We’. [2] You can’t spell negotiation without this book.

The advent of a modern constitution in Ethiopia goes back to the 1931 Constitution which was designed to fortify an absolute monarchy. It was revised in 1955. Unlike its predecessor, the Revised Constitution had a section on the “Rights and Duties of the People” devoted to several human rights and democratic freedoms. Another constitution came in 1987 under the military dictatorship. On paper, the 1987 Constitution guaranteed civil and political rights and personal freedoms though, in practice, none of these were protected in any manner. All three constitutions made sure that the issues of group rights, such as the interest of Oromo People in Addis Ababa City, were not raised.

Labor is the most important activates of a human being crate both material productivity and social values. Now a day it is not a point of disagreement that the development of any given country is highly dependent upon high level of labor productivity, quality and efficiency. This being said, legally speaking labor right is one of the most fundamental human rights recognizing under various international instrument to which Ethiopia is a party. Furthermore, labor right is one of rights which patronizing to constitutional protection. The draft labor proclamation brought untold roaring from Ethiopia Workers Confederation Union (EWCU) and others stakeholders. This mini-article is meant to summarized and explore the draft labor proclamation.

ሀገሮች የዜጎቻቸውን የንብረት፣ የህይወት በአጠቃላይ የስብአዊና ዲሞክራሲያዊ መብቶቻቸውን ለማስጠበቅና ለማረጋገጥ የተለያየ ሕጎችን ያወጣሉ፡፡ እነዚህም ሕጎች ከሕገ-መንግስቱ (የየሃገሩ የበላይ ህግ) ጨምሮ አዋጆችን፣ ደንቦችንና መመሪያዎችን ያካትታል፡፡ በእነዚህ ሕጎች የተደነገጉት መብቶችን ማራመድ አንዳንድ ጊዜ የሌላውን ሰው መብትና ደህንነት አደጋ ላይ ሊጥል ይችላል፡፡ በእንደዚህ ሁኔታ ላይ ሲሆን ሕግ እነዚህ መብቶች ላይ ገደብ (limitation) ያስቀምጣል፡፡ ይህ የመብት ገደብ ዘለቄታና በቋሚነት የሚፀና ነው፡፡ ለምሳሌ ያህል በሕገ- መንግስታችን አንቀፅ 29 ሀሳብን በነፃነት የመግለፅ መብት ተደንግጓል ፡፡ ነገር ግን በተመሳሳይ አንቀፅ ሃሳብን በነፃነት የመግለፅ መብት ወጣት ዜጎችን እና የሌሎች ሰዎች መብትና ክብር ለመጠበቅ ሲባል በህግ ሊገደብ እንደሚችል ተደንግጓል፡፡ ይህ የመብት ገደብ ሲሆን ተፈፃሚነቱም በዘለቄታዊነት ነው፡፡ ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የመብት ገደብ ነገሮች ተፈጥሮዊና በተለመደው ሥርዓት ላይ እያሉ የሚተገበር ነው፡፡

Taxation is as old as history of early state formation. As tax remains essential source of public finance, states used to collect taxes for public funding. Apart from its extant condemnation by modern governments, one can strongly argue that tax evasion remains persistent challenge from the very inception of state. Nowadays, following the advancement of public finance the concept of tax evasion get emphasis by tax scholars. It is now condemned and categorized as anti-social behaviors as well as criminal act.

The case involves the failure to comply with the formality requirements more specifically the failure of witnesses and parties to the contract to put signature on insurance policy as ground for non-existence of contract of insurance.  Asosa Zonal court upheld that there is no insurance contract because signature is missed. The Higher Court confirms the decision of the Zonal court. Then Ethiopia Insurance Company appeal against this judgment by alleging that there is fundamental error of law.

የዚህ ጽሑፍ መነሻ የቴዲ አፍሮ የአልበም ምረቃ መከልከል ሲሆን ጽሑፉ ይህን መነሻ በማድረግ በኢትዮጵያ ሕግ መሠረት በማንኛውም ምክንያት መሰብሰብ አድማሱ እስከምን ነው? የሚለውን መሠረታዊ ነጥብ የሚዳስስ ሲሆን የአልበም ምርቃቱን መከልከል ምክንያቶች በተመለከተ ግን ጸሐፊው በሁለቱም ወገኖች በኩል ያለውን እውነት በማስረጃ ባለማረጋገጡ አቋም ከመያዝ ተቆጥቧል፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ አጋጣሚው በአስፈፃሚውም ይሁን በስብሰባ አዝጋጆቹ ብሎም በማህበረስቡ ላይ ያለውን መደናገር የመሰብሰብ መብትን አድማስ ለማብራራት ምቹ በመሆኑ ጸሐፊው በርግጥ ለቴዲ አፍሮ የአልበም ምረቃ ፈቃድ ያስፈልግ ነበር? ፈቃድ ካስፈለገውስ መከልከል ይቻል ነበር? የመከልከል ተግባሩ የሚጥሳቸው መሠረታዊ ሕገ መንግሥታዊ ድንጋጌዎችና መብቶችስ ምንምን ናቸው? ለሚሉ መሠረታዊ ጥያቄዎች መልስ ለመስጠት ይሞክራል፡፡